{"id":442468,"date":"2026-03-03T15:32:38","date_gmt":"2026-03-03T07:32:38","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/idc.net\/help\/?p=442468"},"modified":"2026-02-26T15:35:09","modified_gmt":"2026-02-26T07:35:09","slug":"debian-%e6%9c%8d%e5%8a%a1%e5%99%a8%e6%96%b0%e6%89%8b%e5%bf%85%e4%bc%9a%e7%9a%84%e6%93%8d%e4%bd%9c","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/idc.net\/help\/442468\/","title":{"rendered":"Debian \u670d\u52a1\u5668\u65b0\u624b\u5fc5\u4f1a\u7684\u64cd\u4f5c"},"content":{"rendered":"

Debian \u670d\u52a1\u5668\u7684\u6838\u5fc3\u54f2\u5b66\u662f\u7a33\u5b9a > \u6700\u65b0<\/strong>\uff0c\u6240\u4ee5\u65b0\u624b\u6700\u8be5\u5b66\u7684\u4e0d\u662f\u201c\u9177\u70ab\u5de5\u5177\u201d\uff0c\u800c\u662f\u600e\u4e48\u8ba9\u670d\u52a1\u5668\u6d3b\u5f97\u4e45\u3001\u4e0d\u88ab\u9ed1\u3001\u4e0d\u5d29\u6e83<\/strong>\u3002<\/p>\n

\u4e0b\u9762\u6309\u65f6\u95f4\u987a\u5e8f<\/strong>\u548c\u91cd\u8981\u7a0b\u5ea6<\/strong>\u6392\u5e8f\uff0c\u5efa\u8bae\u65b0\u624b\u5b89\u88c5\u5b8c\u7cfb\u7edf\u540e\u7acb\u5373<\/strong>\u6309\u987a\u5e8f\u6267\u884c\u3002<\/p>\n

\u9636\u6bb5 1\uff1a\u521a\u5f00\u673a \/ \u9996\u6b21\u767b\u5f55\uff08\u5fc5\u987b\u5728 5 \u5206\u949f\u5185\u5b8c\u6210\uff09<\/h3>\n
    \n
  1. \n

    \u6539 root \u5bc6\u7801<\/strong>\uff08\u5982\u679c\u5b89\u88c5\u65f6\u6ca1\u8bbe\u5f3a\u5bc6\u7801\uff09<\/p>\n

    \n
    \n
    \n
    Bash<\/div>\n
    <\/div>\n
    \n
    passwd<\/code><\/pre>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n
    \u81f3\u5c11 12 \u4f4d\uff0c\u5305\u542b\u5927\u5c0f\u5199+\u6570\u5b57+\u7b26\u53f7\u3002<\/p>\n<\/li>\n
  2. \n
    \u521b\u5efa\u65e5\u5e38\u7ba1\u7406\u7528\u6237 + \u52a0\u5165 sudo \u7ec4<\/strong>\uff08\u5343\u4e07\u522b\u957f\u671f\u7528 root \u767b\u5f55\uff01\uff09<\/p>\n
    \n
    \n
    \n
    Bash<\/div>\n
    <\/div>\n
    \n
    adduser yourname          # \u521b\u5efa\u7528\u6237\r\nusermod -aG sudo yourname # \u52a0\u5230 sudo \u7ec4\uff08Debian \u9ed8\u8ba4\u53eb sudo\uff09<\/code><\/pre>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n
    \u9000\u51fa root\uff0c\u6539\u7528\u65b0\u7528\u6237 + sudo \u767b\u5f55\u3002<\/p>\n<\/li>\n
  3. \n
    \u7981\u7528 root \u901a\u8fc7 SSH \u76f4\u63a5\u767b\u5f55<\/strong>\uff08\u6700\u91cd\u8981\u7684\u4e00\u6b65\u9632\u66b4\u529b\u7834\u89e3\uff09<\/p>\n
    \u7f16\u8f91 \/etc\/ssh\/sshd_config\uff1a<\/p>\n
    \n
    \n
    \n
    text<\/div>\n
    <\/div>\n
    \n
    PermitRootLogin no\r\nPasswordAuthentication no     # \u5982\u679c\u4f60\u6253\u7b97\u53ea\u7528\u5bc6\u94a5\u767b\u5f55\uff08\u63a8\u8350\uff09<\/code><\/pre>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n
    \u7136\u540e\uff1a<\/p>\n
    \n
    \n
    \n
    Bash<\/div>\n
    <\/div>\n
    \n
    sudo systemctl restart ssh<\/code><\/pre>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n
    \u9636\u6bb5 2\uff1a\u57fa\u7840\u66f4\u65b0\u4e0e\u5b89\u5168\u52a0\u56fa\uff08\u5b89\u88c5\u540e\u7b2c\u4e00\u5929\uff09<\/h3>\n
    \n
    \n
    \n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n
    \u64cd\u4f5c<\/th>\n\u547d\u4ee4<\/th>\n\u4e3a\u4ec0\u4e48\u91cd\u8981<\/th>\n<\/tr>\n<\/thead>\n
    \u66f4\u65b0\u8f6f\u4ef6\u6e90\u7d22\u5f15<\/td>\nsudo apt update<\/td>\n\u5fc5\u987b\u5148\u505a<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
    \u5347\u7ea7\u6240\u6709\u5df2\u5b89\u88c5\u5305\uff08\u4fdd\u5b88\u5347\u7ea7\uff09<\/td>\nsudo apt upgrade<\/td>\n\u4fee\u8865\u5df2\u77e5\u6f0f\u6d1e<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
    \u5b8c\u6574\u5347\u7ea7\uff08\u5141\u8bb8\u4f9d\u8d56\u53d8\u66f4\uff09<\/td>\nsudo apt full-upgrade<\/td>\n\u5904\u7406\u5185\u6838\/\u91cd\u8981\u5e93\u5347\u7ea7<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
    \u81ea\u52a8\u5b89\u88c5\u5b89\u5168\u66f4\u65b0\uff08\u5f3a\u70c8\u63a8\u8350\uff09<\/td>\nsudo apt install unattended-upgrades apt-listchanges sudo dpkg-reconfigure unattended-upgrades<\/td>\n\u65e0\u4eba\u503c\u5b88\u4fee\u8865\u6f0f\u6d1e\uff08\u9009 Yes\uff09<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
    \u6e05\u7406\u65e0\u7528\u4f9d\u8d56<\/td>\nsudo apt autoremove && sudo apt autoclean<\/td>\n\u4fdd\u6301\u7cfb\u7edf\u5e72\u51c0<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
    \u91cd\u542f\uff08\u5982\u679c\u5185\u6838\u5347\u7ea7\u4e86\uff09<\/td>\nsudo reboot<\/td>\n\u5e94\u7528\u65b0\u5185\u6838<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n
    \n
    <\/div>\n<\/div>\n
    <\/div>\n<\/div>\n
    \u5c0f\u8d34\u58eb<\/strong>\uff1a\u628a unattended-upgrades \u6253\u5f00\u540e\uff0cDebian \u4f1a\u81ea\u52a8<\/strong>\u5728\u540e\u53f0\u5b89\u88c5\u5b89\u5168\u66f4\u65b0\uff0c\u51e0\u4e4e\u662f\u670d\u52a1\u5668\u6807\u914d\u3002<\/p>\n
    \u9636\u6bb5 3\uff1a\u7f51\u7edc + \u9632\u706b\u5899\uff08\u670d\u52a1\u5668\u66b4\u9732\u516c\u7f51\u5fc5\u505a\uff09<\/h3>\n
      \n
    1. \n
      \u68c0\u67e5\u5f53\u524d\u7f51\u7edc\u914d\u7f6e<\/strong><\/p>\n
      \n
      \n
      \n
      Bash<\/div>\n
      <\/div>\n
      \n
      ip -c addr show\r\nss -tuln     # \u67e5\u770b\u76d1\u542c\u7aef\u53e3<\/code><\/pre>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n
      <\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/li>\n
    2. \n
      \u542f\u7528\u5e76\u914d\u7f6e nftables \u9632\u706b\u5899<\/strong>\uff08Debian 13 \u9ed8\u8ba4\u63a8\u8350 nftables\uff09<\/p>\n
      \n
      \n
      \n
      Bash<\/div>\n
      <\/div>\n
      \n
      sudo apt install nftables\r\nsudo systemctl enable nftables<\/code><\/pre>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n
      \u6700\u7b80\u89c4\u5219\u793a\u4f8b\uff08\u53ea\u5141\u8bb8 SSH + \u4f60\u9700\u8981\u7684\u670d\u52a1\uff09\uff1a<\/p>\n
      \n
      \n
      \n
      Bash<\/div>\n
      <\/div>\n
      \n
      sudo nano \/etc\/nftables.conf<\/code><\/pre>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n
      \u5185\u5bb9\u793a\u4f8b\uff08\u53ea\u5f00 22 \u7aef\u53e3 + \u5141\u8bb8 loopback\uff09\uff1a<\/p>\n
      \n
      \n
      \n
      text<\/div>\n
      <\/div>\n
      \n
      table inet filter {\r\n    chain input {\r\n        type filter hook input priority 0; policy drop;\r\n        ct state established,related accept\r\n        iif lo accept\r\n        tcp dport 22 accept\r\n        # \u518d\u52a0\u4f60\u9700\u8981\u7684\u7aef\u53e3\uff0c\u5982 80\u3001443 \u7b49\r\n    }\r\n    chain forward { type filter hook forward priority 0; policy drop; }\r\n    chain output { type filter hook output priority 0; policy accept; }\r\n}<\/code><\/pre>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n
      \u5e94\u7528\uff1a<\/p>\n
      \n
      \n
      \n
      Bash<\/div>\n
      <\/div>\n
      \n
      sudo nft -f \/etc\/nftables.conf\r\nsudo systemctl restart nftables<\/code><\/pre>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n
      \u65b0\u624b\u5e38\u7528\u66ff\u4ee3\u65b9\u6848<\/strong>\uff1a\u5982\u679c\u4f60\u6015\u5199\u89c4\u5219\uff0c\u7528 ufw\uff08\u66f4\u7b80\u5355\uff09\uff1a<\/p>\n
      \n
      \n
      \n
      Bash<\/div>\n
      <\/div>\n
      \n
      sudo apt install ufw\r\nsudo ufw allow OpenSSH\r\nsudo ufw enable\r\nsudo ufw status<\/code><\/pre>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n
      <\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n
      \u9636\u6bb5 4\uff1a\u5e38\u7528\u76d1\u63a7\u4e0e\u8fd0\u7ef4\u64cd\u4f5c\uff08\u6bcf\u5929\/\u6bcf\u5468\u770b\u4e00\u773c\uff09<\/h3>\n
      \n
      \n
      \n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n
      \u76ee\u7684<\/th>\n\u547d\u4ee4<\/th>\n\u8bf4\u660e<\/th>\n<\/tr>\n<\/thead>\n
      \u67e5\u770b\u7cfb\u7edf\u8d1f\u8f7d\/\u8fdb\u7a0b<\/td>\ntop \u6216 htop\uff08\u9700\u5b89\u88c5\uff09<\/td>\nhtop \u66f4\u53cb\u597d\uff1asudo apt install htop<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
      \u67e5\u770b\u5185\u5b58\u4f7f\u7528<\/td>\nfree -h<\/td>\n-h \u4eba\u7c7b\u53ef\u8bfb<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
      \u67e5\u770b\u78c1\u76d8\u4f7f\u7528<\/td>\ndf -h \/ du -sh \/*<\/td>\n\u627e\u54ea\u4e2a\u76ee\u5f55\u5360\u7a7a\u95f4\u5927<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
      \u67e5\u770b\u65e5\u5fd7\uff08\u6700\u91cd\u8981\uff01\uff09<\/td>\njournalctl -u ssh \/ journalctl -p err -b<\/td>\n\u770b\u670d\u52a1\u62a5\u9519 \/ \u672c\u6b21\u5f00\u673a\u9519\u8bef<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
      \u5b9e\u65f6\u67e5\u770b\u65e5\u5fd7<\/td>\ntail -f \/var\/log\/auth.log<\/td>\n\u76d1\u63a7\u767b\u5f55\u5c1d\u8bd5<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
      \u5217\u51fa\u6240\u6709\u670d\u52a1\u72b6\u6001<\/td>\nsystemctl list-units --type=service<\/td>\n\u2014<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
      \u91cd\u542f\u67d0\u4e2a\u670d\u52a1<\/td>\nsudo systemctl restart nginx<\/td>\n\u793a\u4f8b<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
      \u5f00\u673a\u81ea\u542f\u670d\u52a1<\/td>\nsudo systemctl enable mariadb<\/td>\n\u2014<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n
      \n
      <\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n
      \u9636\u6bb5 5\uff1a\u65b0\u624b\u6700\u5bb9\u6613\u8e29\u7684\u5751 & \u6b63\u786e\u505a\u6cd5<\/h3>\n
        \n
      • \n
        \u522b\u76f4\u63a5\u6539 \/etc\/ssh\/sshd_config \u91cc\u7684\u7aef\u53e3<\/strong> \u2192 \u6539\u7aef\u53e3\u9632\u626b\u63cf\u6548\u679c\u5f88\u6709\u9650\uff0c\u8fdc\u4e0d\u5982\u7528\u5bc6\u94a5 + \u7981\u7528\u5bc6\u7801\u767b\u5f55\u6709\u6548\u3002<\/p>\n<\/li>\n
      • \n
        \u522b\u957f\u671f\u7528\u5bc6\u7801\u767b\u5f55 SSH<\/strong> \u2192 \u751f\u6210\u5bc6\u94a5\u5bf9\uff1a<\/p>\n
        \n
        \n
        \n
        Bash<\/div>\n
        <\/div>\n
        \n
        ssh-keygen -t ed25519\r\nssh-copy-id yourname@server-ip<\/code><\/pre>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n
        \u7136\u540e\u5728 sshd_config \u91cc\u8bbe PasswordAuthentication no<\/p>\n<\/li>\n
      • \n
        \u522b\u88c5\u4e00\u5806\u6ca1\u7528\u7684\u76d1\u63a7\u5de5\u5177<\/strong> \u2192 \u5148\u5b66\u4f1a htop + journalctl + df \u5c31\u591f\u7528 80% \u573a\u666f\u3002<\/p>\n<\/li>\n
      • \n
        \u5907\u4efd \/etc<\/strong> \u2192 \u91cd\u8981\u914d\u7f6e\u6587\u4ef6\u6539\u574f\u4e86\u80fd\u6551\u547d\uff1a<\/p>\n
        \n
        \n
        \n
        Bash<\/div>\n
        <\/div>\n
        \n
        sudo tar czf \/root\/etc-backup-$(date +%F).tar.gz \/etc<\/code><\/pre>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n
        \u9636\u6bb5 6\uff1a\u63a8\u8350\u65b0\u624b\u5fc5\u88c5\u5c0f\u5de5\u5177\uff08\u670d\u52a1\u5668\u5e38\u7528\uff09<\/h3>\n
        \n
        \n
        \n
        Bash<\/div>\n
        \n
        sudo apt install htop tree tmux vim curl wget fail2ban logwatch dnsutils net-tools<\/code><\/pre>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n
          \n
        • fail2ban\uff1a\u81ea\u52a8\u5c01\u7981\u66b4\u529b\u7834\u89e3 IP\uff08\u9ed8\u8ba4\u4fdd\u62a4 SSH\uff09<\/li>\n
        • logwatch\uff1a\u6bcf\u5929\u53d1\u90ae\u4ef6\u603b\u7ed3\u65e5\u5fd7\u5f02\u5e38\uff08\u9700\u914d\u7f6e postfix \u6216\u5176\u4ed6 MTA\uff09<\/li>\n
        • tmux\uff1a\u65ad\u7ebf\u4e5f\u80fd\u7ee7\u7eed\u8fd0\u884c\u547d\u4ee4<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n
          \u603b\u7ed3\uff1a\u65b0\u624b\u670d\u52a1\u5668\u201c\u4fdd\u547d 10 \u6761\u201d checklist<\/h3>\n
            \n
          1. \u521b\u5efa\u666e\u901a\u7528\u6237 + sudo\uff0c\u7981\u7528 root ssh \u767b\u5f55<\/li>\n
          2. \u542f\u7528 unattended-upgrades \u81ea\u52a8\u5b89\u5168\u66f4\u65b0<\/li>\n
          3. \u914d\u7f6e nftables \/ ufw\uff0c\u53ea\u5f00\u5fc5\u8981\u7aef\u53e3<\/li>\n
          4. \u7528\u5bc6\u94a5\u767b\u5f55 SSH\uff0c\u7981\u7528\u5bc6\u7801\u767b\u5f55<\/li>\n
          5. \u5b89\u88c5 fail2ban<\/li>\n
          6. \u5b9a\u671f apt update && apt full-upgrade && apt autoremove<\/li>\n
          7. \u5b66\u4f1a\u770b journalctl \u548c \/var\/log\/auth.log<\/li>\n
          8. \u91cd\u8981\u914d\u7f6e\u6587\u4ef6\u6539\u524d\u5907\u4efd<\/li>\n
          9. \u522b\u4e71\u52a0\u7b2c\u4e09\u65b9\u6e90\uff0c\u9664\u975e\u771f\u7684\u9700\u8981<\/li>\n
          10. \u670d\u52a1\u5668\u5bf9\u5916\u66b4\u9732\u65f6\uff0c\u6700\u5c11\u6743\u9650<\/strong>\u539f\u5219\u6c38\u8fdc\u7b2c\u4e00<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n
            \u638c\u63e1\u4ee5\u4e0a\u5185\u5bb9\uff0c\u4f60\u5df2\u7ecf\u80fd\u628a\u4e00\u53f0 Debian \u670d\u52a1\u5668\u4ece\u201c\u968f\u4fbf\u5c31\u80fd\u88ab\u9ed1\u201d\u63d0\u5347\u5230\u201c\u5927\u591a\u6570\u673a\u5668\u4eba\u4f1a\u8df3\u8fc7\u201d\u7684\u6c34\u5e73\u4e86\u3002<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"
            Debian \u670d\u52a1\u5668\u7684\u6838\u5fc3\u54f2\u5b66\u662f\u7a33\u5b9a > \u6700\u65b0\uff0c\u6240\u4ee5\u65b0\u624b\u6700\u8be5\u5b66\u7684\u4e0d\u662f\u201c\u9177\u70ab\u5de5\u5177\u201d\uff0c\u800c\u662f\u600e\u4e48\u8ba9\u670d\u52a1\u5668\u6d3b\u5f97\u4e45 […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[33],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-442468","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-debain"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/idc.net\/help\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/442468","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/idc.net\/help\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/idc.net\/help\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/idc.net\/help\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/idc.net\/help\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=442468"}],"version-history":[{"count":1,"href":"https:\/\/idc.net\/help\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/442468\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":442469,"href":"https:\/\/idc.net\/help\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/442468\/revisions\/442469"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/idc.net\/help\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=442468"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/idc.net\/help\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=442468"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/idc.net\/help\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=442468"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}