{"id":442443,"date":"2026-02-21T16:27:05","date_gmt":"2026-02-21T08:27:05","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/idc.net\/help\/?p=442443"},"modified":"2026-02-12T16:27:52","modified_gmt":"2026-02-12T08:27:52","slug":"ubuntu-server-%e5%ae%89%e5%85%a8%e5%8a%a0%e5%9b%ba%e6%8c%87%e5%8d%97","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/idc.net\/help\/442443\/","title":{"rendered":"Ubuntu Server \u5b89\u5168\u52a0\u56fa\u6307\u5357"},"content":{"rendered":"<p dir=\"auto\">Ubuntu Server 24.04 LTS\uff08Noble Numbat\uff09\u7cfb\u5217\u5728\u9ed8\u8ba4\u5b89\u88c5\u65f6\u5df2\u5b9e\u73b0\u76f8\u5f53\u7a0b\u5ea6\u7684\u201c\u6700\u5c0f\u5316\u653b\u51fb\u9762\u201d\u8bbe\u8ba1\uff1a\u7eaf\u547d\u4ee4\u884c\u3001\u65e0\u4e0d\u5fc5\u8981\u56fe\u5f62\u6808\u3001\u9ed8\u8ba4\u542f\u7528AppArmor\u3001UFW\u9632\u706b\u5899\u6846\u67b6\u9884\u88c5\u3001systemd-journald\u65e5\u5fd7\u673a\u5236\u7b49\u3002\u8fd9\u4e9b\u7279\u6027\u6784\u6210\u4e86\u73b0\u4ee3Linux\u53d1\u884c\u7248\u7684\u5b89\u5168\u57fa\u7ebf\uff0c\u4f46\u4e92\u8054\u7f51\u66b4\u9732\u7684\u751f\u4ea7\u73af\u5883\u4ecd\u9700\u8fdb\u4e00\u6b65\u7eb5\u6df1\u9632\u5fa1\uff08defense in depth\uff09\uff0c\u4ee5\u5e94\u5bf9\u96f6\u65e5\u6f0f\u6d1e\u3001\u4f9b\u5e94\u94fe\u653b\u51fb\u3001\u914d\u7f6e\u6f02\u79fb\u548c\u5185\u90e8\u5a01\u80c1\u3002<\/p>\n<p dir=\"auto\">\u52a0\u56fa\u7684\u6838\u5fc3\u54f2\u5b66\u662f<strong>\u6700\u5c0f\u6743\u9650\u539f\u5219\uff08Principle of Least Privilege\uff09<\/strong>\u3001<strong>\u53ef\u5ba1\u8ba1\u6027<\/strong>\u4e0e<strong>\u81ea\u52a8\u5316\u4e00\u81f4\u6027<\/strong>\u3002Canonical\u5b98\u65b9\u5f3a\u70c8\u63a8\u8350\u4ee5<strong>CIS Benchmarks<\/strong>\uff08Center for Internet Security\uff09\u4f5c\u4e3a\u53c2\u8003\u6846\u67b6\uff0c\u8be5\u57fa\u51c6\u5206\u4e3aLevel 1\uff08\u5e73\u8861\u5b89\u5168\u4e0e\u53ef\u7528\u6027\uff09\u548cLevel 2\uff08\u6781\u81f4\u5b89\u5168\uff0c\u53ef\u80fd\u727a\u7272\u90e8\u5206\u6027\u80fd\/\u517c\u5bb9\u6027\uff09\u3002Ubuntu 24.04 LTS\u5df2\u5168\u9762\u652f\u6301\u901a\u8fc7<strong>Ubuntu Security Guide (USG)<\/strong> \u5de5\u5177\u81ea\u52a8\u5316\u5e94\u7528\u548c\u5ba1\u8ba1\u8fd9\u4e9b\u57fa\u51c6\u3002<\/p>\n<h2 dir=\"auto\">1. \u5b89\u5168\u6a21\u578b\u4e0e\u5206\u5c42\u9632\u5fa1\u6846\u67b6<\/h2>\n<p dir=\"auto\">\u73b0\u4ee3Ubuntu Server\u5b89\u5168\u67b6\u6784\u53ef\u5206\u4e3a\u4ee5\u4e0b\u5c42\u6b21\uff1a<\/p>\n<ul dir=\"auto\">\n<li><strong>\u5185\u6838\u5c42<\/strong>\uff1aLSM\uff08Linux Security Modules\uff09\u6846\u67b6\u4e0b\u8fd0\u884cAppArmor\uff08Ubuntu\u9ed8\u8ba4\uff09\uff0c\u63d0\u4f9b\u5f3a\u5236\u8bbf\u95ee\u63a7\u5236\uff08MAC\uff09\u3002\u5185\u6838\u53c2\u6570\uff08sysctl\uff09\u63a7\u5236\u7f51\u7edc\u6808\u3001\u6307\u9488\u6cc4\u9732\u3001\u7528\u6237\u547d\u540d\u7a7a\u95f4\u7b49\u3002<\/li>\n<li><strong>\u7528\u6237\u4e0e\u8ba4\u8bc1\u5c42<\/strong>\uff1aPAM\uff08Pluggable Authentication Modules\uff09\u6846\u67b6 + SSHD + sudoers\u7ec6\u7c92\u5ea6\u63a7\u5236\u3002<\/li>\n<li><strong>\u7f51\u7edc\u5c42<\/strong>\uff1anftables\u540e\u7aef\uff08UFW\u524d\u7aef\u7b80\u5316\uff09\u3001TCP\/IP\u6808\u53c2\u6570\u786c\u5316\u3002<\/li>\n<li><strong>\u6587\u4ef6\u7cfb\u7edf\u4e0e\u8fdb\u7a0b\u5c42<\/strong>\uff1a\u6743\u9650\u6a21\u578b\uff08chmod\/chown\uff09\u3001immutable\u5c5e\u6027\u3001auditd\u7cfb\u7edf\u8c03\u7528\u5ba1\u8ba1\u3002<\/li>\n<li><strong>\u65e5\u5fd7\u4e0e\u76d1\u63a7\u5c42<\/strong>\uff1ajournald\u6301\u4e45\u5316 + auditd + \u5165\u4fb5\u68c0\u6d4b\uff08fail2ban \/ crowdsec\uff09\u3002<\/li>\n<li><strong>\u5408\u89c4\u81ea\u52a8\u5316\u5c42<\/strong>\uff1aUSG + OpenSCAP\u540e\u7aef\uff0c\u5b9e\u73b0CIS \/ DISA-STIG\u57fa\u51c6\u7684\u81ea\u52a8\u5316fix\u4e0eaudit\u3002<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h2 dir=\"auto\">2. \u57fa\u7840\u5b89\u5168\u539f\u5219\u4e0e\u9ed8\u8ba4\u5f3a\u5316\u70b9<\/h2>\n<ul dir=\"auto\">\n<li><strong>\u53ca\u65f6\u8865\u4e01\u7ba1\u7406<\/strong>\uff1aUbuntu\u91c7\u7528\u5206\u5c42\u5b89\u5168\u66f4\u65b0\u6a21\u578b\u3002Main\u4ed3\u5e935\u5e74\u514d\u8d39\uff0cPro\u8ba2\u9605\u6269\u5c55\u81f310\u5e74ESM\uff08Extended Security Maintenance\uff09+ Livepatch\uff08\u5185\u6838\u70ed\u8865\u4e01\uff0c\u65e0\u9700\u91cd\u542f\u4fee\u590d\u9ad8\u5371\u6f0f\u6d1e\uff09\u3002\u65e0\u4eba\u503c\u5b88\u66f4\u65b0\uff08unattended-upgrades\uff09\u9ed8\u8ba4\u805a\u7126security\u6e90\uff0c\u6781\u5927\u7f29\u5c0f\u66b4\u9732\u7a97\u53e3\u3002<\/li>\n<li><strong>\u6700\u5c0f\u5b89\u88c5<\/strong>\uff1aServer\u955c\u50cf\u9ed8\u8ba4\u4e0d\u542bX11\u3001\u6d4f\u89c8\u5668\u3001\u529e\u516c\u5957\u4ef6\uff0c\u4ec5\u6838\u5fc3\u670d\u52a1\uff08\u5982openssh-server\u53ef\u9009\uff09\u3002\u8fd9\u5929\u7136\u51cf\u5c11\u4e86\u8f6f\u4ef6\u4f9b\u5e94\u94fe\u653b\u51fb\u9762\u3002<\/li>\n<li><strong>\u5f3a\u5236MAC\uff08Mandatory Access Control\uff09<\/strong>\uff1aAppArmor\u5728enforce\u6a21\u5f0f\u4e0b\u9650\u5236\u8fdb\u7a0b\u6587\u4ef6\u3001\u7f51\u7edc\u3001\u80fd\u529b\u7b49\u8bbf\u95ee\u8def\u5f84\u3002\u76f8\u6bd4SELinux\uff0cAppArmor\u91c7\u7528\u8def\u5f84-based\u800c\u975e\u6807\u7b7e-based\u7b56\u7565\uff0c\u66f4\u6613\u7ef4\u62a4\u4e14\u5bf9\u5927\u591a\u6570\u670d\u52a1\u5df2\u6709\u6210\u719fprofile\u3002<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h2 dir=\"auto\">3. \u5173\u952e\u5185\u6838\u4e0e\u7f51\u7edc\u786c\u5316\uff08sysctl\u5c42\u9762\uff09<\/h2>\n<p dir=\"auto\">\u5185\u6838\u53c2\u6570\u8c03\u6574\u662f\u9632\u5fa1\u7f51\u7edc\u653b\u51fb\uff08\u5982SYN\u6d2a\u6c34\u3001IP spoofing\uff09\u548c\u4fe1\u606f\u6cc4\u9732\u7684\u6700\u76f4\u63a5\u624b\u6bb5\u3002\u4e3b\u8981\u76ee\u6807\uff1a<\/p>\n<ul dir=\"auto\">\n<li>\u9632\u6b62\u6307\u9488\u4e0e\u7b26\u53f7\u6cc4\u9732\uff08kptr_restrict\u3001dmesg_restrict\uff09<\/li>\n<li>\u542f\u7528\u6e90\u5730\u5740\u9a8c\u8bc1\u4e0e\u53cd\u5411\u8def\u5f84\u8fc7\u6ee4\uff08rp_filter\uff09<\/li>\n<li>SYN cookies\u9632\u5fa1\u6d2a\u6c34\u653b\u51fb<\/li>\n<li>\u7981\u7528\u4e0d\u5fc5\u8981\u529f\u80fd\uff08\u5982IP\u8f6c\u53d1\u3001IPv6\u82e5\u672a\u4f7f\u7528\uff09<\/li>\n<li>\u9650\u5236ptrace\u4e0e\u7528\u6237\u547d\u540d\u7a7a\u95f4\uff08\u5bb9\u5668\u9003\u9038\u5e38\u89c1\u5411\u91cf\uff09<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p dir=\"auto\">\u5178\u578b\u751f\u4ea7\u914d\u7f6e\u793a\u4f8b\uff08\u5199\u5165\/etc\/sysctl.d\/99-hardening.conf\uff09\uff1a<\/p>\n<ul dir=\"auto\">\n<li>net.ipv4.tcp_syncookies = 1<\/li>\n<li>net.ipv4.conf.all.rp_filter = 1<\/li>\n<li>kernel.kptr_restrict = 2<\/li>\n<li>kernel.dmesg_restrict = 1<\/li>\n<li>kernel.unprivileged_userns_clone = 0\uff0824.04\u9ed8\u8ba4\u5df2\u9650\u5236\uff09<\/li>\n<li>net.ipv4.ip_forward = 0<\/li>\n<li>fs.protected_hardlinks = 1 \/ fs.protected_symlinks = 1<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p dir=\"auto\">\u8fd9\u4e9b\u53c2\u6570\u5728CIS Level 1\u4e2d\u51e0\u4e4e\u5168\u90e8\u8986\u76d6\uff0cLevel 2\u8fdb\u4e00\u6b65\u6536\u7d27\u65e5\u5fd7\u4e0e\u6a21\u5757\u52a0\u8f7d\u3002<\/p>\n<h2 dir=\"auto\">4. \u8ba4\u8bc1\u4e0e\u8bbf\u95ee\u63a7\u5236\u6df1\u5316<\/h2>\n<ul dir=\"auto\">\n<li><strong>\u6839\u7528\u6237\u7981\u7528\u8fdc\u7a0b\u767b\u5f55<\/strong>\uff1aPermitRootLogin no\uff08\u751a\u81f3prohibit-password\uff09\uff0c\u5f3a\u5236\u8d70\u666e\u901asudo\u7528\u6237\u8def\u5f84\u3002<\/li>\n<li><strong>SSH\u534f\u8bae\u73b0\u4ee3\u5316<\/strong>\uff1a\u5f3a\u5236PubkeyAuthentication\uff0c\u7981\u7528PasswordAuthentication\uff0c\u9650\u5236PubkeyAcceptedAlgorithms\u4ec5\u4fdd\u7559ed25519\u3001ecdsa-nistp521\u7b49\u73b0\u4ee3\u66f2\u7ebf\u3002MaxAuthTries 3\u20134 + LoginGraceTime 20\u201330\u79d2\u663e\u8457\u964d\u4f4e\u66b4\u529b\u7834\u89e3\u6548\u7387\u3002<\/li>\n<li><strong>sudo\u7ec6\u7c92\u5ea6\u4e0eNOPASSWD\u63a7\u5236<\/strong>\uff1a\u901a\u8fc7\/etc\/sudoers.d\/\u6587\u4ef6\u5b9e\u73b0\u547d\u4ee4\u767d\u540d\u5355\u3001\u4e3b\u673a\u9650\u5236\u3001\u9700\u8981\u5bc6\u7801\u9a8c\u8bc1\u7b49\uff0c\u907f\u514d\u5168sudo\u6743\u9650\u6ee5\u7528\u3002<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h2 dir=\"auto\">5. \u65e5\u5fd7\u4e0e\u5ba1\u8ba1\u673a\u5236<\/h2>\n<ul dir=\"auto\">\n<li><strong>auditd<\/strong>\uff1a\u8bb0\u5f55\u7cfb\u7edf\u8c03\u7528\u7ea7\u4e8b\u4ef6\uff08\u5982execve\u3001open\u3001chmod\uff09\uff0c\u662f\u53d6\u8bc1\u4e0e\u5408\u89c4\u6838\u5fc3\u3002\u5178\u578b\u89c4\u5219\u8986\u76d6\u8eab\u4efd\u6587\u4ef6\uff08\/etc\/passwd\u3001\/etc\/shadow\uff09\u3001\u53ef\u6267\u884c\u6587\u4ef6\u542f\u52a8\u3001\u6587\u4ef6\u5c5e\u6027\u53d8\u66f4\u3002<\/li>\n<li><strong>journald\u6301\u4e45\u5316<\/strong>\uff1a\u9ed8\u8ba4volatile\u5b58\u50a8\uff0c\u91cd\u542f\u4e22\u5931\uff1b\u542f\u7528persistent\u6a21\u5f0f\uff08\/var\/log\/journal\uff09\u7ed3\u5408SystemMaxUse\u9650\u5236\u5360\u7528\u3002<\/li>\n<li><strong>AppArmor\u65e5\u5fd7<\/strong>\uff1a\/var\/log\/syslog\u6216audit.log\u4e2d\u8bb0\u5f55\u62d2\u7edd\u4e8b\u4ef6\uff0c\u4fbf\u4e8eprofile\u8c03\u4f18\uff08complain\u6a21\u5f0f\u5148\u89c2\u5bdf\uff0c\u518denforce\uff09\u3002<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h2 dir=\"auto\">6. \u81ea\u52a8\u5316\u5408\u89c4\u8def\u5f84\uff1aUbuntu Security Guide (USG)<\/h2>\n<p dir=\"auto\">USG\u662fCanonical\u5b98\u65b9\u5de5\u5177\uff0c\u57fa\u4e8eOpenSCAP\u540e\u7aef\uff0c\u5b9e\u73b0CIS\u57fa\u51c6\u7684\u81ea\u52a8\u5316\u5ba1\u8ba1\u4e0e\u4fee\u590d\uff08remediation\uff09\u3002Ubuntu Pro\u514d\u8d39\u4e2a\u4eba\u22645\u53f0\u3001\u4f01\u4e1a\u8ba2\u9605\u3002<\/p>\n<p dir=\"auto\">\u6838\u5fc3\u547d\u4ee4\uff1a<\/p>\n<ul dir=\"auto\">\n<li>\u542f\u7528\uff1asudo pro enable usg<\/li>\n<li>\u5ba1\u8ba1\uff1asudo usg audit cis_level1_server<\/li>\n<li>\u4fee\u590d\uff1asudo usg fix cis_level1_server\uff08\u751f\u4ea7\u73af\u5883\u5efa\u8bae\u5148\u6d4b\u8bd5\/\u5feb\u7167\uff09<\/li>\n<li>\u751f\u6210\u62a5\u544a\uff1asudo usg generate-report cis_level1_server<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p dir=\"auto\">Level 1\u8986\u76d6\u6587\u4ef6\u6743\u9650\u3001\u7f51\u7edc\u53c2\u6570\u3001\u65e5\u5fd7\u3001SSH\u3001\u670d\u52a1\u7981\u7528\u7b49\u7ea6200+\u9879\uff1bLevel 2\u589e\u52a0\u66f4\u4e25\u683c\u5ba1\u8ba1\u3001\u52a0\u5bc6\u5f3a\u5236\u7b49\uff0c\u4f46\u53ef\u80fd\u5bfc\u81f4\u517c\u5bb9\u6027\u95ee\u9898\uff08\u5982\u67d0\u4e9b\u5bb9\u5668\u5de5\u5177\u4f9d\u8d56unprivileged namespace\uff09\u3002<\/p>\n<h2 dir=\"auto\">7. \u5165\u4fb5\u68c0\u6d4b\u4e0e\u54cd\u5e94\u8865\u5145<\/h2>\n<ul dir=\"auto\">\n<li><strong>nftables \/ UFW<\/strong>\uff1a\u9ed8\u8ba4deny incoming + \u663e\u5f0fallow\uff0c\u7ed3\u5408connlimit\u3001recent\u6a21\u5757\u9650\u901f\u3002<\/li>\n<li><strong>\u52a8\u6001\u5c01\u7981<\/strong>\uff1afail2ban\uff08\u65e5\u5fd7\u6b63\u5219\u5339\u914d\uff09\u6216CrowdSec\uff08\u793e\u533a\u5a01\u80c1\u60c5\u62a5\u5171\u4eab\u3001\u66f4\u667a\u80fd bouncer \u5230nftables\/cloud API\uff09\u3002<\/li>\n<li><strong>\u6587\u4ef6\u5b8c\u6574\u6027<\/strong>\uff1aAIDE\u6216debsums\u5b9a\u671f\u6821\u9a8c\u7cfb\u7edf\u5305\u5b8c\u6574\u6027\u3002<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h2 dir=\"auto\">8. \u52a0\u56fa\u6743\u8861\u4e0e\u9a8c\u8bc1<\/h2>\n<p dir=\"auto\">\u52a0\u56fa\u603b\u4f34\u968f\u6743\u8861\uff1a<\/p>\n<ul dir=\"auto\">\n<li>\u7981\u7528unprivileged_userns_clone \u2192 \u90e8\u5206Podman\/Docker rootless\u6a21\u5f0f\u5931\u6548<\/li>\n<li>\u4e25\u683cAppArmor \u2192 \u9700\u8981\u81ea\u5b9a\u4e49profile\u8c03\u8bd5<\/li>\n<li>\u9ad8\u5ba1\u8ba1\u7ea7\u522b \u2192 \u65e5\u5fd7\u7206\u70b8\u3001\u78c1\u76d8\u538b\u529b<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p dir=\"auto\">\u9a8c\u8bc1\u8def\u5f84\uff1a<\/p>\n<ul dir=\"auto\">\n<li>USG audit\u62a5\u544a\u901a\u8fc7\u7387<\/li>\n<li>Lynis\u626b\u63cf\uff08lynis audit system\uff09<\/li>\n<li>OpenSCAP\u624b\u52a8\u8bc4\u4f30<\/li>\n<li>\u5b9a\u671f\u6e17\u900f\u6d4b\u8bd5 \/ \u7ea2\u961f\u6f14\u7ec3<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p dir=\"auto\">\u57282026\u5e74\uff0cCanonical\u6301\u7eed\u63a8\u8fdbUbuntu Pro\u751f\u6001\uff1aCIS\u81ea\u52a8\u5316\u3001DISA-STIG profile\u3001FIPS 140-3\u6a21\u5757\u9a8c\u8bc1\u7b49\uff0c\u4f7fUbuntu Server\u6210\u4e3a\u4e91\u539f\u751f\u4e0e\u5408\u89c4\u73af\u5883\u4e2d\u7684\u9996\u9009\u57fa\u77f3\u3002\u901a\u8fc7USG + CIS Level 1\u8d77\u6b65\uff0c\u5927\u591a\u6570\u751f\u4ea7\u7cfb\u7edf\u53ef\u5feb\u901f\u8fbe\u5230\u884c\u4e1a\u57fa\u51c6\u5b89\u5168\u6c34\u51c6\uff0c\u540c\u65f6\u4fdd\u7559\u53ef\u8fd0\u7ef4\u6027\u3002<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Ubuntu Server 24.04 LTS\uff08Noble Numbat\uff09\u7cfb\u5217\u5728\u9ed8\u8ba4\u5b89\u88c5\u65f6\u5df2\u5b9e\u73b0\u76f8\u5f53\u7a0b\u5ea6\u7684\u201c\u6700 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