{"id":442437,"date":"2026-02-18T16:13:08","date_gmt":"2026-02-18T08:13:08","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/idc.net\/help\/?p=442437"},"modified":"2026-02-12T16:13:57","modified_gmt":"2026-02-12T08:13:57","slug":"ubuntu-server-%e5%a6%82%e4%bd%95%e6%9f%a5%e7%9c%8b%e6%97%a5%e5%bf%97","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/idc.net\/help\/442437\/","title":{"rendered":"Ubuntu Server \u5982\u4f55\u67e5\u770b\u65e5\u5fd7"},"content":{"rendered":"

\u5728Ubuntu Server\uff08\u5c24\u5176\u662f24.04 LTS\u53ca\u540e\u7eed\u7248\u672c\uff09\u4e2d\uff0c\u65e5\u5fd7\u7cfb\u7edf\u4e3b\u8981\u57fa\u4e8e systemd-journald<\/strong>\uff0c\u5b83\u4eceUbuntu 15.04\u8d77\u5df2\u6210\u4e3a\u9ed8\u8ba4\u4e14\u6700\u63a8\u8350\u7684\u65e5\u5fd7\u7ba1\u7406\u673a\u5236\u3002\u4e0e\u6b64\u540c\u65f6\uff0c\u4f20\u7edf\u7684\u6587\u672c\u65e5\u5fd7\u6587\u4ef6\uff08\/var\/log\/\u76ee\u5f55\u4e0b\uff09\u4ecd\u7136\u5b58\u5728\uff0c\u8bb8\u591a\u670d\u52a1\u4f1a\u540c\u65f6\u5199\u5165journal\u548c\u4f20\u7edf\u6587\u4ef6\uff0c\u5f62\u6210\u53cc\u8f68\u5236\u3002<\/p>\n

\u7406\u89e3\u4e24\u79cd\u65e5\u5fd7\u673a\u5236\u7684\u533a\u522b\u4e0e\u4e92\u8865\u5173\u7cfb\uff0c\u662f\u9ad8\u6548\u6392\u67e5\u95ee\u9898\u7684\u5173\u952e\u3002<\/p>\n

\u4e00\u3001\u73b0\u4ee3\u65e5\u5fd7\u7cfb\u7edf\uff1asystemd-journald \u4e0e journalctl<\/h2>\n

\u6838\u5fc3\u539f\u7406<\/h3>\n
    \n
  • systemd-journald<\/strong> \u662fsystemd\u5957\u4ef6\u7684\u4e00\u90e8\u5206\uff0c\u4f5c\u4e3a\u4e00\u4e2a\u4e8c\u8fdb\u5236\u3001\u7ed3\u6784\u5316\u65e5\u5fd7\u5b88\u62a4\u8fdb\u7a0b\u8fd0\u884c\u3002<\/li>\n
  • \u5b83\u6536\u96c6\u6765\u81ea\u5185\u6838\u3001systemd\u670d\u52a1\u3001syslog\u517c\u5bb9\u7a0b\u5e8f\uff08rsyslog\u4ecd\u53ef\u9009\u5b89\u88c5\uff09\u3001stdout\/stderr\u7b49\u51e0\u4e4e\u6240\u6709\u6765\u6e90\u7684\u65e5\u5fd7\u3002<\/li>\n
  • \u65e5\u5fd7\u4ee5\u4e8c\u8fdb\u5236\u683c\u5f0f\u5b58\u50a8\uff0c\u652f\u6301\u5b57\u6bb5\u5316\u67e5\u8be2\uff08\u65f6\u95f4\u3001\u5355\u5143\u3001\u670d\u52a1\u3001\u4f18\u5148\u7ea7\u3001\u8fdb\u7a0bID\u3001\u7528\u6237ID\u3001\u4f20\u8f93\u65b9\u5f0f\u7b49\uff09\uff0c\u907f\u514d\u4e86\u4f20\u7edf\u6587\u672c\u65e5\u5fd7\u7684\u89e3\u6790\u5f00\u9500\u548c\u683c\u5f0f\u4e0d\u4e00\u81f4\u95ee\u9898\u3002<\/li>\n
  • \u9ed8\u8ba4\u5b58\u50a8\u4f4d\u7f6e\uff1a\n
      \n
    • \u8fd0\u884c\u65f6\uff08volatile\uff09\uff1a\/run\/log\/journal\uff08tmpfs\uff0c\u91cd\u542f\u4e22\u5931\uff09<\/li>\n
    • \u6301\u4e45\u5316\uff08persistent\uff09\uff1a\/var\/log\/journal\uff08\u9700\u624b\u52a8\u521b\u5efa\u76ee\u5f55\u6216\u914d\u7f6e\u542f\u7528\uff09<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n

      \u5728Ubuntu Server 24.04+ \u9ed8\u8ba4\u5b89\u88c5\u4e2d\uff0c\u6301\u4e45\u5316\u5b58\u50a8\u901a\u5e38\u5df2\u542f\u7528\uff08\/var\/log\/journal \u5b58\u5728\uff09\uff0c\u4f46\u7a7a\u95f4\u53d7\u9650\u65f6\u4f1a\u81ea\u52a8\u6e05\u7406\u65e7\u65e5\u5fd7\u3002<\/p>\n

      journalctl \u6700\u5e38\u7528\u67e5\u770b\u65b9\u5f0f<\/h3>\n

      journalctl \u662f journald \u7684\u67e5\u8be2\u5ba2\u6237\u7aef\uff0c\u51e0\u4e4e\u6240\u6709\u751f\u4ea7\u73af\u5883\u65e5\u5fd7\u6392\u67e5\u90fd\u4ece\u5b83\u5f00\u59cb\u3002<\/p>\n

      \u57fa\u7840\u7528\u6cd5\uff08\u6309\u65f6\u95f4\u5012\u5e8f\u5217\u51fa\uff0c\u8d8a\u65b0\u8d8a\u9760\u524d\uff09\uff1a<\/p>\n

        \n
      • \u67e5\u770b\u5168\u90e8\u65e5\u5fd7\uff08\u4ece\u6700\u65e9\u5f00\u59cb\uff0c\u9002\u5408\u7ba1\u9053\u8fc7\u6ee4\uff09 journalctl<\/li>\n
      • \u5b9e\u65f6\u8ddf\u8e2a\uff08\u7c7b\u4f3c tail -f\uff0c\u6700\u5e38\u7528\u573a\u666f\uff09 journalctl -f<\/li>\n
      • \u53ea\u770b\u672c\u6b21\u542f\u52a8\u540e\u7684\u65e5\u5fd7\uff08\u6392\u67e5\u5f00\u673a\u540e\u95ee\u9898\uff09 journalctl -b \u6216\u6307\u5b9a\u7b2c\u51e0\u6b21\u542f\u52a8\uff1ajournalctl -b -1\uff08\u4e0a\u4e00\u6b21\uff09<\/li>\n
      • \u53ea\u770b\u5185\u6838\u65e5\u5fd7\uff08\u7b49\u4ef7\u4e8e dmesg\uff0c\u4f46\u652f\u6301\u65f6\u95f4\u8fc7\u6ee4\uff09 journalctl -k \u6216 journalctl -k -f\uff08\u5b9e\u65f6\u5185\u6838\u6d88\u606f\uff09<\/li>\n
      • \u67e5\u770b\u7279\u5b9a\u670d\u52a1\u65e5\u5fd7\uff08\u6700\u5b9e\u7528\uff09 journalctl -u nginx.servicejournalctl -u ssh.service -f\uff08\u5b9e\u65f6\u8ddf\u8e2aSSH\u767b\u5f55\u5c1d\u8bd5\uff09<\/li>\n
      • \u6309\u65f6\u95f4\u8303\u56f4\u8fc7\u6ee4 journalctl --since \"2026-02-01 09:00:00\" --until \"2026-02-02 18:00:00\" \u652f\u6301\u76f8\u5bf9\u65f6\u95f4\uff1a--since \"2 hours ago\"\u3001--since yesterday<\/li>\n
      • \u6309\u4f18\u5148\u7ea7\u8fc7\u6ee4\uff08emerg\u3001alert\u3001crit\u3001err\u3001warning\u3001notice\u3001info\u3001debug\uff09 journalctl -p err\uff08\u53ea\u663e\u793a\u9519\u8bef\u53ca\u4ee5\u4e0a\uff09 journalctl -p warning..emerg\uff08\u8303\u56f4\uff09<\/li>\n
      • \u7ec4\u5408\u8fc7\u6ee4\uff08\u5f3a\u5927\u67e5\u8be2\u80fd\u529b\uff09 journalctl -u nginx.service -u php8.3-fpm.service --since \"today\" -p errjournalctl _COMM=sshd\uff08\u53ea\u770bsshd\u8fdb\u7a0b\uff09 journalctl SYSLOG_IDENTIFIER=nginx\uff08\u4f20\u7edfsyslog\u6807\u8bc6\uff09<\/li>\n
      • \u989d\u5916\u89e3\u91ca\u4fe1\u606f\uff08\u63a8\u8350\u52a0 -x\uff09 journalctl -u docker.service -xe\uff08-x \u663e\u793a\u4e8b\u4ef6\u89e3\u91ca\uff0c\u5982\u4f9d\u8d56\u5931\u8d25\u539f\u56e0\uff09<\/li>\n
      • \u78c1\u76d8\u4f7f\u7528\u4e0e\u6e05\u7406 \u67e5\u770b\u5360\u7528\uff1ajournalctl --disk-usage \u9650\u5236\u5927\u5c0f\uff08\u6c38\u4e45\u751f\u6548\uff09\uff1a\u7f16\u8f91 \/etc\/systemd\/journald.conf\n
        \n
        \n
        \n
        text<\/div>\n
        <\/div>\n
        \n
        SystemMaxUse=500M\r\nSystemKeepFree=2G<\/code><\/pre>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n
        <\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n
        \u7136\u540e sudo systemctl restart systemd-journald \u4e00\u6b21\u6027\u6e05\u7406\uff1asudo journalctl --vacuum-size=300M \u6216 --vacuum-time=2weeks<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n
        \u4e8c\u3001\u4f20\u7edf\u6587\u672c\u65e5\u5fd7\uff08\/var\/log\/ \u76ee\u5f55\uff09<\/h2>\n
        \u5c3d\u7ba1journald\u5df2\u6210\u4e3a\u4e3b\u6d41\uff0c\u8bb8\u591a\u670d\u52a1\u4ecd\u901a\u8fc7rsyslog\uff08\u6216\u517c\u5bb9\u5b9e\u73b0\uff09\u540c\u65f6\u5199\u5165\u7eaf\u6587\u672c\u6587\u4ef6\uff0c\u4fbf\u4e8egrep\u3001awk\u7b49\u5de5\u5177\u5904\u7406\u3002<\/p>\n
        \u5e38\u89c1\u6587\u4ef6\u4f4d\u7f6e\u4e0e\u542b\u4e49\uff1a<\/p>\n
          \n
        • \/var\/log\/syslog \u2192 \u7cfb\u7edf\u7efc\u5408\u65e5\u5fd7\uff08\u5927\u90e8\u5206\u670d\u52a1\u6d88\u606f\uff09<\/li>\n
        • \/var\/log\/auth.log \u2192 \u8ba4\u8bc1\u76f8\u5173\uff08SSH\u767b\u5f55\u3001sudo\u3001pam\u7b49\uff0c\u6700\u5e38\u67e5\u66b4\u529b\u7834\u89e3\uff09<\/li>\n
        • \/var\/log\/kern.log \u2192 \u5185\u6838\u65e5\u5fd7\uff08\u4e0e journalctl -k \u5185\u5bb9\u91cd\u5408\uff09<\/li>\n
        • \/var\/log\/dmesg \u2192 \u5185\u6838\u73af\u5f62\u7f13\u51b2\u533a\u5feb\u7167\uff08\u5f00\u673a\u65e9\u671f\u786c\u4ef6\u4fe1\u606f\uff09<\/li>\n
        • \/var\/log\/messages \u2192 \u90e8\u5206\u53d1\u884c\u7248\u6709\uff0cUbuntu\u901a\u5e38\u7528syslog\u66ff\u4ee3<\/li>\n
        • \/var\/log\/apache2\/ \u2192 Apache\/Nginx\u65e5\u5fd7\u76ee\u5f55\uff08access.log \/ error.log\uff09<\/li>\n
        • \/var\/log\/mysql\/ \u2192 MySQL\/PostgreSQL\u9519\u8bef\u65e5\u5fd7<\/li>\n
        • \/var\/log\/audit\/audit.log \u2192 auditd\u5b89\u5168\u5ba1\u8ba1\u65e5\u5fd7\uff08\u82e5\u542f\u7528\uff09<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n
          \u67e5\u770b\u65b9\u5f0f\uff08\u7ecf\u5178\u7ec4\u5408\uff09\uff1a<\/p>\n
            \n
          • \u5b9e\u65f6\u8ddf\u8e2a\uff1asudo tail -f \/var\/log\/auth.log \u6216 sudo tail -n 100 \/var\/log\/syslog<\/li>\n
          • \u641c\u7d22\u5173\u952e\u8bcd\uff1asudo grep -i \"error\\|fail\\|denied\" \/var\/log\/syslog<\/li>\n
          • \u67e5\u770b\u6700\u8fd1100\u884c\uff1asudo tail -n 100 \/var\/log\/nginx\/error.log<\/li>\n
          • \u5927\u6587\u4ef6\u5206\u9875\uff1asudo less +F \/var\/log\/syslog\uff08F\u952e\u8fdb\u5165\u8ddf\u8e2a\u6a21\u5f0f\uff09<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n
            journald vs \u4f20\u7edf\u6587\u4ef6\u5bf9\u6bd4<\/strong><\/p>\n
            \n
            \n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n
            \u7279\u6027<\/th>\njournalctl (journald)<\/th>\n\/var\/log\/*.log (rsyslog\u7b49)<\/th>\n<\/tr>\n<\/thead>\n
            \u5b58\u50a8\u683c\u5f0f<\/td>\n\u4e8c\u8fdb\u5236 + \u7ed3\u6784\u5316\u5b57\u6bb5<\/td>\n\u7eaf\u6587\u672c<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
            \u67e5\u8be2\u80fd\u529b<\/td>\n\u6781\u5f3a\uff08\u591a\u5b57\u6bb5\u7ec4\u5408\u3001\u4f18\u5148\u7ea7\u3001\u65f6\u95f4\uff09<\/td>\n\u4f9d\u8d56 grep\/awk\/sed<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
            \u6301\u4e45\u5316\u9ed8\u8ba4<\/td>\n\u53ef\u914d\u7f6e\uff08\u901a\u5e38\u542f\u7528\uff09<\/td>\n\u6301\u4e45<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
            \u91cd\u542f\u524d\u65e5\u5fd7<\/td>\n\u652f\u6301\uff08-b -1 \u7b49\uff09<\/td>\n\u652f\u6301<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
            \u5185\u6838\u65e5\u5fd7<\/td>\n\u652f\u6301\uff08-k\uff09<\/td>\n\u90e8\u5206\uff08kern.log \/ dmesg\uff09<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
            \u78c1\u76d8\u5360\u7528\u63a7\u5236<\/td>\n\u5185\u7f6e vacuum \/ MaxUse \u914d\u7f6e<\/td>\n\u9700 logrotate<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
            \u63a8\u8350\u4f18\u5148\u7ea7<\/td>\n\u751f\u4ea7\u73af\u5883\u9996\u9009<\/td>\n\u8f85\u52a9 + \u517c\u5bb9\u65e7\u811a\u672c<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n
            <\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n
            \u4e09\u3001\u5176\u4ed6\u5e38\u7528\u65e5\u5fd7\u67e5\u770b\u5de5\u5177<\/h2>\n
              \n
            • dmesg<\/strong>\uff1a\u67e5\u770b\u5185\u6838\u73af\u5f62\u7f13\u51b2\u533a\uff08\u91cd\u542f\u540e\u6e05\u7a7a\uff09 dmesg | tail -n 50dmesg --follow\uff08\u5b9e\u65f6\uff09 dmesg -T\uff08\u4eba\u7c7b\u53ef\u8bfb\u65f6\u95f4\u6233\uff09<\/li>\n
            • systemctl status<\/strong>\uff1a\u5feb\u901f\u770b\u670d\u52a1\u6700\u8fd1\u51e0\u5341\u884c\u65e5\u5fd7 + \u72b6\u6001 systemctl status nginx\uff08\u5305\u542b journal \u65e5\u5fd7\u7247\u6bb5\uff09<\/li>\n
            • less +F<\/strong> \u6216 multitail<\/strong>\uff1a\u591a\u6587\u4ef6\u5b9e\u65f6\u8ddf\u8e2a\uff08\u9700\u5b89\u88c5\uff09<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n
              \u56db\u3001\u6392\u67e5\u95ee\u9898\u65f6\u7684\u63a8\u8350\u6d41\u7a0b<\/h2>\n
                \n
              1. \u5148\u786e\u5b9a\u95ee\u9898\u7c7b\u578b\uff08\u670d\u52a1\uff1f\u5185\u6838\uff1f\u8ba4\u8bc1\uff1f\u7f51\u7edc\uff1f\uff09<\/li>\n
              2. \u7528 journalctl -u \u95ee\u9898\u670d\u52a1 -xe \u6216 -f \u770b\u5b9e\u65f6\/\u6700\u8fd1\u9519\u8bef<\/li>\n
              3. \u8865\u5145\u65f6\u95f4\u8303\u56f4 --since \"1 hour ago\"<\/li>\n
              4. \u82e5\u6d89\u53ca\u5185\u6838\/\u786c\u4ef6\uff0c\u7528 journalctl -k \u6216 dmesg -T<\/li>\n
              5. \u8ba4\u8bc1\/\u767b\u5f55\u95ee\u9898\u5fc5\u770b journalctl -u ssh \u6216 grep sshd \/var\/log\/auth.log<\/li>\n
              6. \u78c1\u76d8\/\u7a7a\u95f4\u95ee\u9898\u5148\u67e5 journalctl --disk-usage \u548c du -sh \/var\/log\/*<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n
                \u638c\u63e1 journalctl \u7684\u8fc7\u6ee4\u8bed\u6cd5\u540e\uff0c\u5927\u591a\u6570\u7ebf\u4e0a\u95ee\u9898\u80fd\u5728\u51e0\u79d2\u5185\u5b9a\u4f4d\u5230\u5173\u952e\u65e5\u5fd7\u884c\uff0c\u6bd4\u7ffb\u627e\u6587\u672c\u6587\u4ef6\u6548\u7387\u9ad8\u6570\u500d\u3002<\/p>\n
                \u9700\u8981\u66f4\u7ec6\u7c92\u5ea6\u7684\u65e5\u5fd7\u4fdd\u7559\u7b56\u7565\u3001\u5b89\u5168\u5ba1\u8ba1\u6216\u96c6\u4e2d\u5316\u7ba1\u7406\uff08ELK\u3001Loki\u3001Graylog\uff09\u65f6\uff0c\u518d\u8003\u8651\u6269\u5c55\u3002\u65e5\u5e38\u8fd0\u7ef4\uff0cjournalctl + \u5c11\u91cf\u4f20\u7edf\u6587\u4ef6\u5df2\u8db3\u591f\u5f3a\u5927\u3002<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"
                \u5728Ubuntu Server\uff08\u5c24\u5176\u662f24.04 LTS\u53ca\u540e\u7eed\u7248\u672c\uff09\u4e2d\uff0c\u65e5\u5fd7\u7cfb\u7edf\u4e3b\u8981\u57fa\u4e8e systemd-jou […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[28],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-442437","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-ubuntu"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/idc.net\/help\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/442437","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/idc.net\/help\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/idc.net\/help\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/idc.net\/help\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/idc.net\/help\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=442437"}],"version-history":[{"count":1,"href":"https:\/\/idc.net\/help\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/442437\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":442438,"href":"https:\/\/idc.net\/help\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/442437\/revisions\/442438"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/idc.net\/help\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=442437"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/idc.net\/help\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=442437"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/idc.net\/help\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=442437"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}