{"id":441909,"date":"2025-08-14T15:16:15","date_gmt":"2025-08-14T07:16:15","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.idc.net\/help\/?p=441909"},"modified":"2025-09-15T22:19:25","modified_gmt":"2025-09-15T14:19:25","slug":"linux%e6%96%87%e4%bb%b6%e7%b3%bb%e7%bb%9f%e7%ae%a1%e7%90%86%e6%8e%a2%e7%a7%98%ef%bc%9a%e4%bb%8e%e9%9b%b6%e5%88%b0%e4%b8%80%e7%90%86%e8%a7%a3%e6%95%b0%e6%8d%ae%e7%9a%84%e5%b9%95%e5%90%8e%e8%8b%b1","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/idc.net\/help\/441909\/","title":{"rendered":"Linux \u6587\u4ef6\u7cfb\u7edf\u7ba1\u7406\u6df1\u5ea6\u89e3\u6790\uff1a\u4ece Ext4 \u5230 Btrfs \u7684\u5b9e\u8df5\u4f18\u5316"},"content":{"rendered":"

\u5f15\u8a00<\/h2>\n

Linux \u6587\u4ef6\u7cfb\u7edf\u4f5c\u4e3a\u6570\u636e\u7ba1\u7406\u7684\u6838\u5fc3\uff0c\u8d1f\u8d23\u7ec4\u7ec7\u548c\u4fdd\u62a4\u670d\u52a1\u5668\u4e0a\u7684\u6587\u4ef6\u8d44\u6e90\u3002\u5176\u901a\u8fc7\u865a\u62df\u6587\u4ef6\u7cfb\u7edf\uff08VFS\uff09\u3001\u65e5\u5fd7\u673a\u5236\u548c\u73b0\u4ee3\u6280\u672f\u5982\u5199\u65f6\u590d\u5236\uff08COW\uff09\uff0c\u5728\u6027\u80fd\u4e0e\u53ef\u9760\u6027\u4e4b\u95f4\u53d6\u5f97\u5e73\u8861\u3002\u672c\u6587\u4ece\u5b9e\u9645\u6848\u4f8b\u5165\u624b\uff0c\u6df1\u5165\u5256\u6790\u6587\u4ef6\u7cfb\u7edf\u7684\u6838\u5fc3\u7ec4\u4ef6\u4e0e\u5de5\u4f5c\u539f\u7406\uff0c\u5206\u4eab\u5728\u540e\u6d6a\u4e91 VPS \u4e0a\u7684\u4f18\u5316\u5b9e\u8df5\uff0c\u5e2e\u52a9\u5f00\u53d1\u8005\u4e0e\u7cfb\u7edf\u7ba1\u7406\u5458\u9ad8\u6548\u7ba1\u7406\u5b58\u50a8\u3002<\/p>\n

\u771f\u5b9e\u573a\u666f\u6848\u4f8b\uff1a\u540e\u6d6a\u4e91 VPS \u4e0a\u4fee\u590d\u6587\u4ef6\u7cfb\u7edf\u6545\u969c<\/h2>\n

\u5047\u8bbe\u60a8\u4e3a\u4e00\u5bb6\u7535\u5546\u5e73\u53f0\u7ba1\u7406\u540e\u6d6a\u4e91\u7f8e\u56fd VPS\uff08https:\/\/idc.net\/cloud-us<\/a>\uff09\uff0c\u8fd0\u884c\u8ba2\u5355\u5904\u7406\u7cfb\u7edf\u3002\u670d\u52a1\u5668\u91c7\u7528 US-2H4G \u5957\u9910\uff1a2 \u6838\u9ad8\u6027\u80fd CPU\u30014G DDR4 \u5185\u5b58\u300150G SSD \u5b58\u50a8\u548c 2Mbps \u5e26\u5bbd\u3002\u4e00\u6b21\u610f\u5916\u65ad\u7535\u5bfc\u81f4 ext4 \u6587\u4ef6\u7cfb\u7edf\u635f\u574f\uff0c\u8ba2\u5355\u6570\u636e\u65e0\u6cd5\u8bbf\u95ee\u3002\u60a8\u51b3\u5b9a\u4f7f\u7528 fsck \u4fee\u590d\u5e76\u4f18\u5316\u6302\u8f7d\u9009\u9879\u4ee5\u63d0\u5347\u6027\u80fd\u3002<\/p>\n

\u901a\u8fc7 SSH \u767b\u5f55\uff0c\u68c0\u67e5\u5e76\u4fee\u590d\u6587\u4ef6\u7cfb\u7edf\uff1a<\/p>\n

\r\n# \u68c0\u67e5\u6587\u4ef6\u7cfb\u7edf\u72b6\u6001\r\nsudo fsck \/dev\/sda1\r\n# \u8f93\u51fa\u793a\u4f8b\uff1afsck.ext4: Attempting to correct errors...<\/code><\/pre>\n
\u4fee\u590d\u540e\u91cd\u65b0\u6302\u8f7d\uff0c\u542f\u7528 noatime \u4f18\u5316<\/h1>\n
<\/code><\/pre>\n
sudo mount -o remount,noatime \/dev\/sda1 \/mnt\/data<\/p>\n
<\/code><\/pre>\n
\u9a8c\u8bc1\u6302\u8f7d\u9009\u9879<\/h1>\n
<\/code><\/pre>\n
mount | grep \/mnt\/data<\/p>\n
<\/code><\/pre>\n
\u8f93\u51fa\u793a\u4f8b\uff1a\/dev\/sda1 on \/mnt\/data type ext4 (rw,noatime)<\/h1>\n
\r\n<\/code><\/pre>\n
<\/code><\/p>\n
 <\/p>\n
\u4fee\u590d\u540e\uff0c\u6570\u636e\u6062\u590d\u6b63\u5e38\uff0cnoatime \u9009\u9879\u51cf\u5c11\u8bbf\u95ee\u65f6\u95f4\u8bb0\u5f55\uff0c\u964d\u4f4e 15% \u7684 I\/O \u5f00\u9500\u3002\u540e\u7eed\u4e3a\u9632\u6b62 inode \u8017\u5c3d\uff0c\u68c0\u67e5\u4f7f\u7528\u60c5\u51b5\uff1a<\/p>\n
\r\n# \u67e5\u770b inode \u4f7f\u7528\r\ndf -i \/mnt\/data\r\n# \u8f93\u51fa\u793a\u4f8b\uff1aInodes: 1310720  Used: 5000  Free: 1305720\r\n<\/code><\/pre>\n
\u540e\u6d6a\u4e91\u7684 SSD \u5b58\u50a8\u786e\u4fdd\u4fee\u590d\u8fc7\u7a0b\u5feb\u901f\u5b8c\u6210\uff0c\u6062\u590d\u65f6\u95f4\u4f4e\u4e8e 2 \u5206\u949f\u3002\u53c2\u8003 ext4 \u5b98\u65b9\u6587\u6863\uff0cfsck \u548c\u6302\u8f7d\u4f18\u5316\u662f\u7ef4\u62a4\u6587\u4ef6\u7cfb\u7edf\u4e00\u81f4\u6027\u7684\u5173\u952e\u3002<\/p>\n
\u6280\u672f\u539f\u7406\u5256\u6790<\/h2>\n
Linux \u6587\u4ef6\u7cfb\u7edf\u901a\u8fc7 VFS \u63d0\u4f9b\u7edf\u4e00\u63a5\u53e3\uff0c\u534f\u8c03\u7528\u6237\u7a7a\u95f4\u4e0e\u5e95\u5c42\u5b58\u50a8\uff08\u5982 ext4\u3001Btrfs\uff09\u3002VFS \u5b9a\u4e49 file_operations \u7ed3\u6784\uff0c\u5305\u542b open\u3001read\u3001write \u7b49\u51fd\u6570\uff0c\u7531\u5177\u4f53\u6587\u4ef6\u7cfb\u7edf\u5b9e\u73b0\u3002<\/p>\n
\u6838\u5fc3\u7ec4\u4ef6<\/h3>\n
\u8d85\u7ea7\u5757<\/strong>\uff1a\u5b58\u50a8\u6587\u4ef6\u7cfb\u7edf\u5143\u6570\u636e\uff08\u5757\u5927\u5c0f\u3001inode \u603b\u6570\uff09\uff0c\u901a\u8fc7 super_operations \u7ba1\u7406\u5168\u5c40\u64cd\u4f5c\u3002\u6302\u8f7d\u65f6\uff0c\u5185\u6838\u8bfb\u53d6\u8d85\u7ea7\u5757\u521d\u59cb\u5316\u7ed3\u6784\u3002<\/p>\n
inode<\/strong>\uff1a\u8bb0\u5f55\u6587\u4ef6\u5143\u6570\u636e\uff08\u6743\u9650\u3001\u5927\u5c0f\u3001\u6570\u636e\u5757\u6307\u9488\uff09\uff0c\u4e0d\u542b\u6587\u4ef6\u540d\u3002\u6587\u4ef6\u540d\u5b58\u50a8\u4e8e\u76ee\u5f55\u7684 dentry \u4e2d\uff0c\u4f4d\u56fe\u8ffd\u8e2a inode \u5206\u914d\u72b6\u6001\u3002<\/p>\n
\u6570\u636e\u5757<\/strong>\uff1a\u5b58\u50a8\u5b9e\u9645\u6587\u4ef6\u5185\u5bb9\uff0c\u5757\u7ec4\uff08block group\uff09\u4f18\u5316\u6570\u636e\u5c40\u90e8\u6027\uff0c\u51cf\u5c11\u78c1\u5934\u79fb\u52a8\u3002\u65e5\u5fd7\u673a\u5236\u8bb0\u5f55\u5199\u64cd\u4f5c\uff0c\u786e\u4fdd\u65ad\u7535\u540e\u4e00\u81f4\u6027\u3002<\/p>\n
\u65e5\u5fd7\u4e0e COW<\/h3>\n
ext4 \u4f7f\u7528\u65e5\u5fd7\uff08journaling\uff09\u8bb0\u5f55\u5199\u64cd\u4f5c\uff0c\u7c7b\u4f3c\u6570\u636e\u5e93\u4e8b\u52a1\u7684\u6301\u4e45\u6027\uff0c\u786e\u4fdd\u7cfb\u7edf\u5d29\u6e83\u540e\u53ef\u6062\u590d\u3002Btrfs \u5f15\u5165\u5199\u65f6\u590d\u5236\uff08COW\uff09\uff0c\u4fee\u6539\u6570\u636e\u65f6\u5199\u5165\u65b0\u5757\uff0c\u4fdd\u7559\u65e7\u6570\u636e\uff0c\u9002\u5408\u5feb\u7167\u573a\u666f\u3002COW \u907f\u514d\u8986\u76d6\u98ce\u9669\uff0c\u4f46\u589e\u52a0\u7a7a\u95f4\u5f00\u9500\u3002<\/p>\n
\u5b9e\u8df5\u6307\u5357\uff1a\u914d\u7f6e\u4e0e\u5bf9\u6bd4\u5206\u6790<\/h2>\n
\u5728\u540e\u6d6a\u4e91\u9999\u6e2f VPS\uff08https:\/\/idc.net\/cloud-hk<\/a>\uff09\u4e0a\uff0c\u90e8\u7f72 Btrfs \u6587\u4ef6\u7cfb\u7edf\u4ee5\u652f\u6301\u5feb\u7167\u5907\u4efd\uff1a<\/p>\n
\r\n# \u5b89\u88c5 Btrfs \u5de5\u5177\u5e76\u683c\u5f0f\u5316\r\nsudo apt install btrfs-progs -y\r\nsudo mkfs.btrfs \/dev\/sdb1<\/code><\/pre>\n
\u6302\u8f7d\u5e76\u521b\u5efa\u5feb\u7167<\/h1>\n
<\/code><\/pre>\n
sudo mkdir \/mnt\/backup
\nsudo mount \/dev\/sdb1 \/mnt\/backup
\nsudo btrfs subvolume snapshot \/mnt\/backup \/mnt\/backup\/snap-$(date +%F)<\/p>\n
<\/code><\/pre>\n
\u9a8c\u8bc1\u5feb\u7167<\/h1>\n
\r\n<\/code><\/pre>\n
btrfs subvolume list \/mnt\/backup
\n<\/code><\/p>\n
 <\/p>\n
\u6545\u969c\u6392\u9664\uff1a\u82e5\u6587\u4ef6\u7cfb\u7edf\u4e0d\u4e00\u81f4\uff0c\u8fd0\u884c fsck.btrfs \/dev\/sdb1 \u68c0\u67e5\u3002\u82e5\u7a7a\u95f4\u4e0d\u8db3\uff0c\u68c0\u67e5 du -sh \/mnt\/backup\/* \u5b9a\u4f4d\u5927\u6587\u4ef6\u3002<\/p>\n
\u6587\u4ef6\u7cfb\u7edf\u5bf9\u6bd4<\/strong>\uff1aext4 \u7a33\u5b9a\uff0c\u9002\u5408\u901a\u7528\u573a\u666f\uff0c\u6700\u5927 16TB \u6587\u4ef6\uff1bBtrfs \u652f\u6301\u5feb\u7167\u548c\u538b\u7f29\uff0c\u9002\u5408\u5907\u4efd\u4f46\u590d\u6742\u6027\u8f83\u9ad8\uff1bXFS \u4f18\u5316\u5c0f\u6587\u4ef6\u5199\u5165\uff0c\u9002\u5408\u9ad8\u5e76\u53d1\u3002\u65e5\u5fd7\u673a\u5236\u63d0\u5347 ext4 \u4e00\u81f4\u6027\uff0c\u800c Btrfs \u7684 COW \u63d0\u4f9b\u66f4\u9ad8\u7075\u6d3b\u6027\u3002\u53c2\u8003 Btrfs \u6587\u6863\uff0c\u5feb\u7167\u529f\u80fd\u5728\u52a8\u6001\u5907\u4efd\u573a\u666f\u4e2d\u4f18\u52bf\u660e\u663e\u3002<\/p>\n
\u4f18\u5316\u6280\u5de7<\/strong>\uff1a\u542f\u7528\u538b\u7f29\uff08Btrfs\uff09\u6216 noatime\uff08ext4\uff09\u51cf\u5c11\u5f00\u9500\u3002\u68c0\u67e5 dumpe2fs \/dev\/sda1 \u67e5\u770b\u5757\u5206\u914d\uff0c\u4f18\u5316\u5b58\u50a8\u5e03\u5c40\u3002<\/p>\n
\u603b\u7ed3\u4e0e\u6280\u672f\u7ecf\u9a8c\u5206\u4eab<\/h2>\n
Linux \u6587\u4ef6\u7cfb\u7edf\u901a\u8fc7 VFS\u3001\u65e5\u5fd7\u548c COW \u6280\u672f\uff0c\u63d0\u4f9b\u9ad8\u6548\u3001\u53ef\u9760\u7684\u6570\u636e\u7ba1\u7406\u3002\u672c\u6587\u901a\u8fc7\u6848\u4f8b\u4e0e\u5206\u6790\uff0c\u5c55\u793a\u4e86\u5176\u5728\u4e91\u73af\u5883\u4e2d\u7684\u5e94\u7528\u4ef7\u503c\u3002<\/p>\n
\u5728\u540e\u6d6a\u4e91\u5e73\u53f0\uff08\u5982 https:\/\/idc.net\/<\/a>\uff09\u4e0a\uff0c\u5229\u7528\u9ad8\u6027\u80fd CPU \u548c SSD \u5b58\u50a8\uff0cBtrfs \u5feb\u7167\u548c ext4 \u65e5\u5fd7\u4f18\u5316\u663e\u8457\u63d0\u5347\u6570\u636e\u53ef\u9760\u6027\u3002\u7ed3\u5408\u57df\u540d\u670d\u52a1\uff08https:\/\/idc.net\/domain<\/a>\uff09\uff0c\u786e\u4fdd DNS \u89e3\u6790\u9ad8\u6548\uff0c\u964d\u4f4e\u7f51\u7edc\u5ef6\u8fdf\u3002\u8fd9\u4e9b\u5b9e\u8df5\u4e3a\u7cfb\u7edf\u7ba1\u7406\u5458\u63d0\u4f9b\u5f3a\u5927\u5de5\u5177\uff0c\u52a9\u529b\u6784\u5efa\u9ad8\u53ef\u7528\u5b58\u50a8\u7cfb\u7edf\u3002<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"
\u5f15\u8a00 Linux \u6587\u4ef6\u7cfb\u7edf\u4f5c\u4e3a\u6570\u636e\u7ba1\u7406\u7684\u6838\u5fc3\uff0c\u8d1f\u8d23\u7ec4\u7ec7\u548c\u4fdd\u62a4\u670d\u52a1\u5668\u4e0a\u7684\u6587\u4ef6\u8d44\u6e90\u3002\u5176\u901a\u8fc7\u865a\u62df\u6587\u4ef6\u7cfb\u7edf\uff08VFS\uff09\u3001 […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[34],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-441909","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-linux"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/idc.net\/help\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/441909","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/idc.net\/help\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/idc.net\/help\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/idc.net\/help\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/idc.net\/help\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=441909"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"https:\/\/idc.net\/help\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/441909\/revisions"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/idc.net\/help\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=441909"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/idc.net\/help\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=441909"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/idc.net\/help\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=441909"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}